Lifting freely suspended objects with crawler and wheel excavators demands preparation, special care and proper operator training. If correct lifting practices are not routinely followed, it may cause project delays, create machine instability and put additional stress on the machine, potentially leading to unnecessary downtime. Below, excavator product specialist Lee Smith offers advice to help you better understand a crawler or wheel excavator’s lifting capacity; how to read an excavator lift chart and assess general lifting conditions; and pick-and-carry guidelines before you lift, move and place a wide range of materials.
Understand the Basics
All excavator operators should understand that a crawler or wheel excavator’s lifting capacity is limited by one of two factors: hydraulic limitations or tipping limitations. “Hydraulic limited” means the excavator is limited by its hydraulic power to lift a load. “Tipping limited” is the point at which the excavator begins lift off the ground when lifting a load.
“Manufacturers test excavators to determine how much weight they can safely lift at various heights and distances from the centerline of the machine,” Smith said. “Based on that information, they create lift charts from a computer, which are printed in the owner’s manual or posted within sight of the operator, such as a decal in the excavator cab.”
To maximize the life of the equipment and minimize machine wear, follow the guidelines in the lift charts and do not exceed the recommended lift capacity.
Follow the Lift Chart
Although lifting material with an excavator may seem simple, it is important to follow an excavator lift chart, which designates the proper lifting capacity at various boom angles, lift heights and swing radius.
“If you follow the lift chart for your entire range of motion and the object you are placing is within the proper weight, you will be much more efficient when placing that material,” Smith said.
At the top of the lift chart, there is information indicating the machine configuration. There may be several lift charts for large- or mid-range excavators, based on combinations of boom length, arm length, counterweight size and track shoe width. Some manufacturers will include the bucket size in the lift chart.
“If the manufacturer includes a bucket in the lift chart, the company will indicate the bucket’s weight,” Smith said. “However, if the lift chart does not include the bucket, it is up to the operator to know how much weight is on the end of the machine. This may include a coupler, the bucket, the lifting apparatus itself and the weight of the material or item being moved.”
It is important to note that capacities typically marked with an asterisk on the lift chart are limited by the machine’s hydraulic capacity and do not exceed 87 percent of hydraulic lift capacity, as defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Rated loads without an
asterisk are limited by the machine’s stability and do not exceed 75 percent of the tipping load.
Next, determine the lift point height, which is typically located in the far-left column on the lift chart. The lift point refers to the distance from the ground to the bucket pin or hook, not from the ground to the object you are lifting.
“When measuring the lift point height, consider how high or low you will need to lift the item, including the height of the item itself, the length of the lifting device and at what height you want to place the item on a transport device,” Smith said.
After determining lift point height, examine the lifting radius from the centerline of the swing point. This distance is typically shown in the top row of the lift chart. Lifting radius is dependent on whether you are lifting over the front of the excavator or squarely over the side. Additionally, if you are operating a wheel excavator with outriggers or an optional dozer blade, you need to reference the portion of the lift chart that reflects its position during excavation.
Once you have determined the lifting radius, find the cell on the lift chart where the lift point height and radius intersect. The number shown is the excavator’s rated lift capacity in pounds or kilograms. If the cell is blank, the excavator has no lifting capacity at that point, and lifting should not be attempted.
Examine the Jobsite
As the operator, you are responsible for all jobsite and lift-related conditions. You need to be able to respond to changes in those conditions that could be potentially hazardous. This can include the machine condition, the strength of the surface beneath the excavator and moving with the load.
The first step an operator should take before lifting is to examine the area around the excavator and make sure there is nothing above or below the machine that can cause interference with any objects. Some other general guidelines Smith recommends include:
- Always position the excavator on a firm, level and uniformly supporting surface. Do not attempt to lift on soft or uneven ground or slopes.
- Make sure the excavator has not been modified and is well maintained.
- Always lift squarely over the side or over the end of the excavator. If equipped, select the lifting work mode on the excavator before using the machine when lifting materials.
- Minimize traveling with a suspended load, swinging it too quickly or lifting with an uneven sling.
Consider Pick & Carry Precautions
When traveling or moving an excavator with a suspended load is necessary, Smith recommends that safety working devices, such as an excavator’s lift eye, are equipped and operational to ensure the safety of the entire crew.
“The lifting apparatus should be approved for the weight of the material,” Smith said. “Operators should also know how to properly hook the lifting apparatus to the material or object being moved.”
Before attempting to pick and carry a load, align the boom with the forward direction of machine travel. Maintaining this boom position when turning the machine is best for stability.
Operators should only turn when necessary, at the slowest speed and with a wide turning radius. Other factors to consider in pick-and-carry applications include the following:
- Use the shortest lifting radius distance possible.
- Keep the load as close to the ground as conditions permit.
- Attach strong ropes, otherwise known as tag lines, to prevent the load from swinging back and forth.
- Travel at speeds determined by jobsite conditions.
- Avoid sudden starts and stops.
Practice What You Preach
Understanding all the factors that go into safely lifting equipment can be difficult for owners, but not impossible. Jim Linhart, owner of Omaha, Nebraska-based Linhart Construction, has followed correct lifting practices for more than 30 years, leading to a very profitable business. In fact, Linhart owns approximately 100 pieces of construction equipment.
Although his business has made quite a few changes since its inception, expanding employees and equipment, Linhart’s emphasis on safety has never wavered.
“My excavator operators are frequently handling various structures, including concrete blocks, asphalt, wood and gravel weighing up to 10,000 pounds,” Linhart said. “It was extremely important that I train them on the fundamentals of properly lifting materials, especially in our line of business, when they may be lifting less familiar objects in a confined space or jobsite.”
Linhart’s excavator has a lift eye attached to the hydraulic quick coupler. When his excavator operators want to lift and place objects, they simply remove the bucket and connect the lifting mechanism to the lift eye.
It is a process that allows Linhart’s operators to remain productive on their busy construction jobsites without sacrificing the safety of the entire crew. In addition to training resources, Linhart holds morning safety sessions to remind his operators to keep safety at the forefront while on the job.
Overall, the best way to fully understand how to properly lift materials or objects is to follow the excavator lift chart. If you have questions about how to read the lift chart or properly lift material, refer to your owner’s manual or visit your local dealership and get help from a sales specialist.
Get Help from a Crane Scale
If you are unsure about how much an object weighs, and you want to know if your excavator can lift it, a crane scale is a good option. Attach the object to the crane scale’s hook, and the scale will tell you the weight of the object in either pounds or kilograms. This is usually shown on a digital screen. Some scales come with a remote control to easily change units and clear measurements.
